Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Special Interests - Essay Example These interest groups lobby around with the help of their members who are a part of the several legislative organizations (Jaatinen, 1998). Their role is proactively driven towards the political parties for whom they wish to serve in the long run. These interest groups do their utmost to elect politicians who have a good enough idea of their related cause and have the right kind of empathy for their settings. These interest groups recruit individuals who can have hidden and on other occasions, propaganda movements which might be quite extrovert in nature. One needs to know that many interest groups exist within any society in this day and age. These include the different economic groups which have within them the various chambers of commerce, the trade unions and a few factions that belong to the religious groups. Also the professional interest groups comprise within them the doctors, lawyers, business people, architects and skilled workers. The public interest groups focus more towa rds the environment and look after the issues which plague the people more than anything else, on a one to one level. The aim here is to provide people with benefits as much as possible. Then there are the special interest groups which are part of the subgroups that are formed within larger groups and where the main focus is upon a narrow interest area. The need is to know that these interest groups are very different from the pressure groups. Since these interest groups have a proper definition of their intentions and mission, their supporters take a stance for these interest groups at every level and on all forums. The ones who support it are of the view that these interest groups depict what others should feel about their own selves and the community that they are a vital part of. Many individuals believe that these interest groups have a hidden agenda behind their institution which may not be right. Quite a few eyebrows are raised when one questions their existence and formation . The need is to discern some interest groups that have made their mark throughout the world over the years. These include the NEA which has been a proactive supporter of educational professionals and has done immense work at raising the standards of these people over the years. Then there is the example of NAACP which guarantees that social, political, educational and economic equality of rights of the people are there and also to remove hatred and discrimination which crops up in the name of race (Blom, 2006). The role of these interest groups is important to understand and more so in the times much like today. This is because they pinpoint the critical issues which make their mark within a society, for good or for bad. They shift public opinions in a positive way which is an essential aspect of their formation in the first place. If people connect with these interest groups well, then their roles are magnified and purposes are served well. If this does not happen, then there are immensely significant concerns which must be taken care of, and the sooner it happens the better it will be for people within any society of the world where these interest groups exist and make their essential mark within the lives of the people. 2. Discuss the relationship between interest groups and political parties. The linkage that has come about between the interest groups

Zhang Yin Essay Example for Free

Zhang Yin Essay Zhang Yin – a forty nine year old woman – is Chinas richest billionaire and is worth  £1.8 BILLION! She is also the worlds richest self-made billionaire, and is even richer than Oprah Winfrey and JK Rowling. Zhang Yin became rich by starting a very successful business called Nine Dragons. Nine Dragons is Chinas largest recycling company and is supplied by scrap paper from the USA. The reason for importing foreign scrap paper is simply because there is not enough there in China to fill their needs. The economy benefits from her and her factories because jobs are created. Coke, Nike and Sony are helped by Nine Dragons as their packaging is made by them and we are helped as we buy those products. Also the CAN and the ACN companies benefit as they supply Nine Dragons with their scrap paper and get business from it. Also, it is doing good in the world by cutting down on landfill and reduces the amount of trees we chop down On the other hand, she is causing negative impacts. She may be doing good by making jobs and being green but that is not the only side to the story. Her factories are polluting the planet as well as the large ships that she is using to import and export her goods. In conclusion, Zhang Yin is a very clever lady with   the determination to get her to where she is now. She has done well but the recycling that she is doing is ruining the planet more in the process.

Capital Punishment Essay - Opposition To the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Opposition To the Death Penalty    During the spring semester I read Evangelium Vitae: The Gospel of Life. Paragraphs 27 and 56 of this encyclical prompted a discussion of the death penalty with other students. Their first reaction was that the Pope was against it and that he was saying that the penalty has no justification. There was general resistance to the suggestion that while the Pope's attitude toward the death penalty is, to put it mildly, unfavorable, he did not flat out say that it was immoral, wrong, without justification.    Quite apart from exegesis of the encyclical, a majority of student-friends were against the death penalty. Period. Were they in favor of life imprisonment? Absolutely. Don't put killers and the like to death, just lock them up and throw away the key. Isn't that what the Pope was saying in paragraph 56? The tide of public opinion against capital punishment rises, he writes, both in the Church and in civil society, and there is a growing demand to limit its use even to the point of total abolition. Nowadays we are able to protect society from the offender without taking his life. Lock him up and he will have lots of time to repent and redeem himself.    Our discussion accordingly turned to the question of life imprisonment. While this admittedly looks attractive when compared to the death penalty, considered in itself it is a terrible thing. However antiseptic and humane his quarters might be, the thought of a human being locked up for life gives pause. Surely only the most grievous offenses could warrant such severe punishment. Are there really any offenses that severe? In Italy, later in the spring, I became aware of a campaign against life imprisonment.    What I detected, rightly or wrongly, was an animus against punishment as such. When I gingerly introduced the subject of Hell, those who had spontaneously rejected capital punishment and then had some second thoughts about life imprisonment when looked at in itself and not as an alternative to the death penalty seemed inclined toward a creative interpretation of eternal punishment. And of course there have been eminent theologians who have wondered aloud about the doctrine of Hell. Even Jacques Maritain, late in his life had written equivocally on the subject.

Making Best Use of Windows Server 2003

The basis of technology development lies in bettering the older systems and coming to terms with enhanced functions in our information systems, etc.   Without the operating system, however, the information system technology would barely come to anything.   Hence, the Windows Server 2003 was developed as an enhancement to the Windows Server 2000, taking â€Å"the best of Windows 2000 Server technology and make it easier to deploy, manage, and use.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The result,† as described by Microsoft, is â€Å"a highly productive infrastructure that helps make your network a strategic asset for your organization.†Ã‚   The world’s leading company for operating systems, once charged with near-monopolistic practices in an anti-trust trial, further reported on the new addition to the operating system family that Microsoft continues to be famous for: As of March 28, 2005, all Windows Server 2003 operating systems ship with  Windows Server Service Pack 1 (SP1).   Windows Server 2003 SP1 provides enhanced  security, increased reliability, and a simplified administration to help enterprise  customers across all industries†¦Ã‚   In addition, in December 2005, Standard, Enterprise,  and Datacenter editions of Windows Server 2003 R2 were released, offering Active  Directory, storage, and branch office enhancements for customers (â€Å"Introducing the  Windows,† 2006). Released only recently, the Windows Server 2003 has become the talk of every computer technician today.   One of its key features is its enhanced availability through improved â€Å"clustering support.†Ã‚   Microsoft reports that â€Å"clustering services† are very important to trade, where inputs and outputs, imports and exports must be clustered so as to ease organizational functioning.   Windows Server 2003 allows for just that.   Besides, it helps in â€Å"scalability,† and not just â€Å"manageability.†Ã‚   Also according to the maker of the new operating system: Clustering installation and setup is easier and more robust in Windows Server 2003,   while enhanced network features in the product provide greater failover capabilities  and high system uptime.   The Windows Server 2003 operating systems supports server  clusters for up to eight nodes.   If one of the nodes in a cluster becomes unavailable  because of failure or maintenance, another node immediately begins providing service,  a process known as failover.   Windows Server 2003 also supports network load  balancing (NLB), which balances incoming Internet Protocol (IP) traffic across nodes  in a cluster (â€Å"Introducing†). As far as support and training are concerned, it has been confirmed that Windows Server 2003 is meant to make communications easier than before, not just between the organization and the users of the operating system, but also between the organizational users of the system and the customers of the organization.   The R2 Standard Edition of the Windows Server 2003 was made by collaboration between â€Å"third-party hardware and software partners† of Microsoft (â€Å"Overview of Windows,† 2005). Similarly, the company ensures that there are experts (Microsoft Certified Consultants) available to guide people through the process of installing any one of the following: (1) Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition; (2) Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition; (3) Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition (for highest availability); and (4) Windows Server 2003, Web Edition (Microsoft Certified Consultants). Seeing as Microsoft’s Windows Server 2003 is targeting businesses for the most part, the operating system – truly one of its kind – is packaged with sure technical support and training.   Microsoft’s business is tough, and the abundance of Microsoft experts in every nation in the world proves that the Windows Server 2003 would survive in firm business. Windows Server 2003 has training courses available with it (â€Å"Windows Server 2003,† 2007).   What is more, it is Microsoft’s intention to sell more of its countless software amenities to businesses after giving the new operating system to many of them for free.   Given that no other operating system company has thus far been able to meet or match the practices of the giant (â€Å"near-monopoly†) – the Windows Server 2003 would capture its unique market until a more advanced operating system, with better availability, support, and training, arrives out of Microsoft to substitute and complement the Server 2003. References Introducing the Windows Server 2003. (2006, January 24). Microsoft. Retrieved 26 May 2007, from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/bb429524.aspx. Overview of Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition. (2005, December 6). Microsoft. Retrieved 26 May 2007, from Microsoft.com. Microsoft Certified Consultants. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Help: Consulting, Support, Troubleshooting.Retrieved 26 May 2007, from http://www.progent.com/microsoft_windows_server_2003.htm. Windows Server 2003. (2007). Symantics. Retrieved 26 May 2007, from http://www.systematix.co.uk/mstech/windows-2003-training.

Especially the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

French Revolution/ Napoleonic Era WHEN THE KING TOOK FLIGHT * National â€Å"Constituent† Assembly, the new assembly not only set to work drawing up France’s first constitution, but engineered a wholesale transformation of French political and social structures that went far beyond anything most of them had requested in their grievance lists. * During the  French Revolution, the  Legislative Assembly  was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792.It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the  National Constituent Assembly  and of the  National Convention. * The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were primarily moderate members of the bourgeoisie that favored a  constitutional monarchy, represented by the  Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal. [1]  The second group was the democratic faction, for whom the  king  could no longer be trusted, represented by the  new  members of the  Jacobin club. 2]  This group claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary. [ * the citizens of Varennes had been asked to elect their own municipal and regional governments and to participate directly in the day-to-day implementation of new laws * Louis XVI fleeing the very constitution he had sworn to defend * Appearance of soldiers in Varennes had led to enormous tensions. We know that this action was part of the general movement of troops intended to protect the king’s escape, a conspiracy in which Bouille was intimately involved. The king’s flight had dangerous conspiracies involving foreign soldiers and perhaps foreign armies * The night the king suddenly appeared in a small town in northeastern France is arguable one of the most dramatic and poignant moments in the entire French Revolution. * Local inhabitants=reshape their lives * Louis’ most perva sive impact on the train of events probably came less from what he did than from what did not do: from his very lack of leadership, his indecision and inconsistency WATERLOO: JUNE 18, 1815 The errors made by Napoleon and other French commanders during the Waterloo campaign were severe, indeed perhaps even decisive * His own destiny was almost more important to Napoleon than the thousands—and finally millions—of lives that were lost in the course of his pursuit of it * Hundred Days (stage four) FRENCH REVOLUTION APP * Directory, a body of five directors that held executive power in France

Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy essay

Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy essay Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy essay Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy essayThe major current federal welfare issues include high poverty rate, marriage penalty, the benefit loss at some levels of income, child welfare, immigrant welfare issues, and other issues. I realize that the federal welfare policy provides severe limitations on immigrants and their children, especially the Hispanic immigrant population (Katz, Lurie Vidal, 2014, p. 9). I feel concerned about related policies because some of them are ineffective.It has been found that historically, welfare policy has not properly contributed to the well-being of minority groups, including Native Americans, women, immigrants, gays and lesbians, single mothers, and women. Undoubtedly, many approaches to finding the solutions to welfare issues have been implemented. The U.S. government issued welfare policy that addressed the needs of interest groups in 1996. However, considerable changes were made by Obama Administration in 2012. These changes provide alternativ e standards to previous welfare policy. According to statistical data, â€Å"the federal government runs more than 80 means-tested welfare programs that provide cash, food, housing, medical care, and social services to low-income individuals† (Rector, 2013). The cost of these programs was about $927 billion. Moreover, more than 100 million American citizens got benefits at cost of about $9,000 per recipient (Rector, 2013).The changes provided by the U.S. government are aimed at increasing the number of recipients who get benefits without working. Critics of the welfare reform state that the new policy weakens the work requirements in welfare. These changes affect me personally because I may become the recipient of benefits. My thoughts prior to reading this week’s reading assignment were less serious. Now I understand the significance of current federal welfare issues and welfare reform. My perspective has been reinforced now that I am more informed.

Check The Reliability And Validity Management Essay Essays

Check The Reliability And Validity Management Essay Essays Check The Reliability And Validity Management Essay Essay Check The Reliability And Validity Management Essay Essay An empirical attack with a questionnaire study method was used in this research. This chapter describes the instruments used in this survey, the informations aggregation processs, the population and sample, and the information analysis techniques used to reply the survey s research inquiries. Instrument This survey used a quantitative research design with a self-report questionnaire to analyze the impact of larning organisation patterns on SMEs organisational committedness and effectivity. The study used three bing instruments based on theoretical and empirical foundations ( e.g. , Wang, 2005 ) : learning organisation patterns ( Marsick A ; Watkins, 2003 ) , organisational committedness ( Mowday et al. , 1979 ) , and organisational effectivity ( Taylor A ; Bower, 1972 ) . The three instruments were refined and integrated into one questionnaire, and the contents of the three instruments were modified. Description of the Instruments It was necessary to find if the instrument had equal psychometric belongingss and incontrovertible concept cogency ( Yang, Watkins, A ; Marsick, 2004 ) . Based on Yang ( 2003 ) and Yang, Watkins, and Marsick ( 2004 ) , this survey used collateral factor analysis ( CFA ) to measure the concept cogency for each of the DLOQ, OCQ, and SOO ( Yang, 2003 ) in the Faisalabad SME context. The cogency and dependability of the DLOQ has been confirmed by many empirical surveies ( Ellinger et al. , 2002 ; Marsick A ; Watkins, 2003 ; Wang, 2005 ; Watkins A ; Marsick, 2003 ; Yang, 2003 ; Yang, Watkins, A ; Marsick, 2004 ) . Ellinger et Al. ( 2002 ) assessed the concept proof of DLOQ from collateral factor analysis and confirmed that larning organisation civilization is a multidimensional concept, and the seven-dimension construction supports a strong linkage between larning organisation civilization and organisational public presentation. Learning Organization Practices The Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire ( DLOQ ) ( Marsick A ; Watkins, 1999, 2003 ; Watkins A ; Marsick, 1993, 1996, 1997 ) was selected to measure the grade of larning organisation patterns. Marsick and Watkins ( 2003 ) developed a seven-dimension questionnaire to show the value of an organisation s acquisition patterns. The questionnaire used a six-point Likert-type graduated table and included 43 points covering single, squad or group, and organisational degrees in the seven dimensions: ( 1 ) create uninterrupted larning chances, 7 points ; ( 2 ) promote enquiry and duologue, 6 points ; ( 3 ) encourage coaction and squad acquisition, 6 points ; ( 4 ) create systems to gaining control and portion acquisition, 6 points ; ( 5 ) empower people toward a corporate vision, 6 points ; ( 6 ) connect the endeavor to incubator environment, 6 points ; and ( 7 ) provide strategic leading for acquisition, 6 points ( Marsick A ; Watkins, 2003 ; Watkins A ; Marsick, 1997 ) . Th e six-point response graduated table determined the grade to which each point is or is non true of the organisation, runing from Almost Never ( 1 ) to Almost Always ( 6 ) ( Marsick A ; Watkins, 2003 ) . The public-service corporation of the DLOQ has been verified in several recent empirical surveies conducted in English contexts ( e.g. , Ellinger, Ellinger, Yang, A ; Howton, 2002 ; Marsick A ; Watkins, 2003 ; Watkins A ; Marsick, 2003 ; Yang, Watkins, A ; Marsick, 2004 ) , Chinese contexts ( e.g. , Lien, Hung, Yang, A ; Li, 2006 ; Lin, 2006 ; Wang, 2005 ; Zhang, Zhang, A ; Yang, 2004 ) , and Korean contexts ( Joo, 2007 ; Lim, 2003 ; Park, 2007 ) . These surveies have indicated that the DLOQ has acceptable dependability estimations, and the seven-dimensional construction fits the empirical information moderately good ( Lien, Hung, Yang, A ; Li, 2006 ) . Yang et Al. ( 2004 ) performed a wide series of explorative and collateral factor analyses and determined that a decreased 21-item instrument is a superior measuring theoretical account to the original 43-item theoretical account. They suggested utilizing two versions of the instrument, one using 43 points as a practical diagno stic tool, and the shorter version with 21 measurement points for research intents, as the latter has superior psychometric belongingss ( Lien et al. , 2006 ; Yang et al. , 2004 ) . This survey used the 21-item instrument to turn to larning organisation patterns as the first portion of the amalgamate questionnaire ( see Appendix A ) . In the questionnaire, points 1-3 step uninterrupted acquisition ; points 4-6, enquiry and duologue ; points 7-9, coaction and squad acquisition ; points 10-12, creative activity of systems ; points 13-15, authorization of people ; points 16-18, connexion of the organisation ; and points 19-21, strategic leading. The original 6-point graduated table of the 21 points was converted to a five-point Likert-type graduated table, runing from Strongly Disagree ( 1 ) to Strongly Agree ( 5 ) for consistence across all points in the amalgamate questionnaire. Organizational Committedness Harmonizing to Mowday et Al. ( 1979 ) , the OCQ used a seven-point Likert-type graduated table and included 15 points in three primary constituents of the concept: ( 1 ) a willingness to exercise considerable attempt on behalf of the organisation ; 4 points, including 1 negatively phrased and change by reversal scored point ; ( 2 ) a strong belief in and credence of the organisation s ends and values ; 4 points, including 1 negatively phrased and change by reversal scored point ; and ( 3 ) a strong desire to keep rank in the organisation ; 7 points, including 4 negatively phrased and change by reversal scored points. Responses to each point in the OCQ used a seven-point graduated table with ground tackles labelled from Strongly Disagree ( 1 ) to Strongly Agree ( 7 ) . In several surveies, a nine-item short-form of the instrument utilizing merely positively worded points was administered ( Mowday et al. , 1979 ) . Consistent with Mowday et Al. ( 1979 ) , the amalgamate questionnai re of this survey used this nine-item short-form: 3 points from the constituent of willingness to exercise attempt on behalf of the organisation ; 3 points from the constituent of grade of end and value congruency with the organisation ; and 3 points from the constituent of desire to keep rank. Then, for fusion intents, the original 7-point graduated table of the 9 points was converted to a five-point Likert-type graduated table runing from Strongly Disagree ( 1 ) to Strongly Agree ( 5 ) . In the questionnaire ( see Appendix A ) , points numbered 22-24 step willingness to exercise attempt ; points numbered 25-27 step the grade of end and value congruency ; and points numbered 28-30 step the desire to keep rank. Organizational Effectiveness In this survey, Taylor and Bowers ( 1972 ) Survey of Organizations ( SOO ) instrument was used to mensurate the organisational effectivity of SMEs. The SOO is a machine-scored, standardised instrument developed since 1966 by the Organizationa l Development Research Program of the Institute for Social Research ( ISR ) at the University of Michigan ( Taylor A ; Bowers, 1972 ) . It is one of the most popular steps of organisational effectivity and dimensions in current research ( Cummings A ; Worley, 2005 ) . In the SOO, harmonizing to Taylor and Bowers ( 1972 ) , there are 20 indices in three spheres, including leading, organisational clime, and satisfaction. Eight indices exist under the leading sphere: ( 1 ) managerial support, ( 2 ) managerial end accent, ( 3 ) managerial work facilitation, ( 4 ) managerial interaction facilitation, ( 5 ) equal support, ( 6 ) equal end accent, ( 7 ) equal work facilitation, and ( 8 ) equal interaction facilitation. The following five indices are under the organisational clime sphere: ( 9 ) technological preparedness, ( 10 ) human resources primacy, ( 11 ) communicating flow, ( 12 ) motivational conditions, and ( 13 ) decision-making patterns. The concluding seven indices are under the sphere of satisfaction: ( 14 ) satisfaction with work group, ( 15 ) satisfaction with supervisor, ( 16 ) satisfaction with occupation, ( 17 ) satisfaction with organisation, ( 18 ) satisfaction with wage, ( 19 ) satisfaction with advancement now, and ( 20 ) satisfaction with future advancement ( Taylor A ; Bowers, 1972 ) . The phrasing of the points was intended to give a descriptive instead than an explicitly appraising appraisal of organisational features ( Wood, 1974 ) . A standard 5-point Likert-type graduated table response set was used in the SOO questionnaire, runing from Not at all ( 1 ) to To a really great extent ( 5 ) ( Taylor A ; Bowers, 1972 ) . In the amalgamate questionnaire ( see Appendix A ) , 8 leading subscales in organisational effectivity comprise points 31-38 ; 5 organisational clime subscales in organisational effectivity comprise points 39-43 ; and 7 satisfaction subscales in organisational effectivity comprise points 44-50. The 5-point graduated table response options for these points were applied to aline with the remainder of the questionnaire. Demographics Demographic features are variables that could impact larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity. Therefore, eight demographic points covering gender, age, instruction degree, primary duty, old ages of the endeavor in operation, figure of employees, incubated start-up, and outstanding award. The demographic points, numbered 51-58, were included in the questionnaire to qualify the varied position of larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity in SMEs. Questionnaire Scale In this survey, a 5-point Likert-type graduated table was used in the amalgamate questionnaire to supply a unimode design ( Dillman, 2007 ) , whereas the original instruments used three different graduated tables. Dillman ( 2007 ) pointed out that cut downing the figure of response classs may be more of import as research workers move towards greater usage of electronic mail and Web studies in which the desire to acquire all response picks onto one screen encourages surveyors to utilize fewer response picks. Therefore, the consequence of cut downing the graduated table from the original graduated table into a simplified graduated table ( five-point ) in the survey was positive because it increased the likeliness ( Schaefer A ; Dillman, 1998 ) that the participants would hold more involvement in reacting to the simplified graduated table questionnaire online. Further, holding different graduated tables for parts of a study could be confounding to respondents and could make some troub les in statistical analysis. Testing the scale dependability: The most of import thing is to look into the dependability and cogency of a graduated table before utilizing it in the survey. There are two elements that check the internal consistence and dependability of a graduated table and dependability coefficient is 0.50-0.60 to look into the dependability of a concept and its comparative index. The indexs that are as whole used for the measuring of each concept of larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness and organisational effectivity. We used the SSPS package for the informations entry of our responses and informations analysis to farther go on our survey. We did two types of analysis to look into the dependability and consistence of our graduated table. Reliability is the quality of measuring bespeaking the grade to which the step is consistent, that is, perennial measurings would give the same consequences. Consistency is a portion of dependability. For look intoing the dependability of our graduated table foremost of all we entered our responses which were in the signifier of 150 questionnaires to employees, but received 138 responses, but in which 20 questionnaire are faulty and after informations entry in SPSS package we compute the values of three variables, Learning organisation patterns, organisational committedness and organisational effectivity. Factor Analysis and Reliability trial: In SPSS package our work was in informations position, analyse, so informations decrease and travel for factor analysis in which we choose our first variable showed trying adequateness of.841 and significance of.00 which shows the goodness of our graduated table. Dependability Statisticss Cronbach s Alpha Cronbach s Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .841 .865 3 Data Collection We used random trying for the aggregation of the informations.A sample of 150 was chosen at random from the mark population. The informations have been roll uping from the emerging market of the Faisalabad Pakistan. In this survey, of the 150 random selected samples, 108 responded from the targeted sample. The questionnaire was carefully designed but 20 questionnaires are faulty in their response and staying have non given their responses. Non faulty questionnaire responses mean that all the points in the questionnaire were completed carefully. Datas Analysis The research informations were collected to carry on informations analysis and compute statistics. And these statistics were including mean, standard divergence and eventually correlativity analysis was used to find the impact of the learning organisation patterns, organisation committedness and organisational effectivity. Consequences By analysis of the research informations utilizing statistics tools, we get consequences which show the relationship between larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness and organisational effectivity. Correlation values between.10 and.30 are referred to as hebdomad positive relationship, between.40 to.60 as moderate positive relationship and.70 and above every bit high positive relationship. Descriptive Statisticss Mean Std. Deviation Nitrogen Learning organisation patterns 4.23 .255 108 organisational committedness 4.09 .252 108 Correlations Learning organisation patterns organisational committedness Learning organisation patterns Pearson Correlation 1 .726 ( ** ) Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 organisational committedness Pearson Correlation .726 ( ** ) 1 Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 ** Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . As shown in the table correlativity among the organisational patterns and the organisational committedness is 0.726 which have a strong positive relationship which runing from.70 or supra. Descriptive Statisticss Mean Std. Deviation Nitrogen Learning organisation patterns 4.23 .255 108 Organizational effectivity 3.05 .247 108 Correlations Learning organisation patterns Organizational effectivity Learning organisation patterns Pearson Correlation 1 .754 ( ** ) Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 Organizational effectivity Pearson Correlation .754 ( ** ) 1 Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 ** Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . As shown in the table correlativity among the organisational patterns and the organisational committedness is 0.754 which have a strong positive relationship which runing from.70 or supra. Descriptive Statisticss Mean Std. Deviation Nitrogen Organizational committedness 4.09 .252 108 Organizational effectivity 3.05 .247 108 Correlations Organizational committedness Organizational effectivity Organizational committedness Pearson Correlation 1 .564 ( ** ) Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 Organizational effectivity Pearson Correlation .564 ( ** ) 1 Sig. ( 2-tailed ) .000 Nitrogen 108 108 ** Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . As shown in the table correlativity among the organisational patterns and the organisational committedness is 0.564 which have a moderate positive relationship which runing from.70 or supra. These consequences indicate that ( 1 ) The employee s willingness ( OC1 ) has a strong association with leading ( OE1 ) , which approves hypothesis 3a. ( 2 ) The employee s willingness ( OC1 ) has a strong association with organisational clime ( OE2 ) , which approves hypothesis 3b. ( 3 ) The employee s willingness ( OC1 ) has a strong association with satisfaction ( OE3 ) , which approves hypothesis 3c. ( 4 ) The grade of end and value congruency ( OC2 ) has a strong association with leading ( OE1 ) , which approves hypothesis 3d. ( 5 ) The grade of end and value congruency ( OC2 ) has a strong association with organisational clime ( OE2 ) , which approves hypothesis 3e. ( 6 ) The grade of end and value congruency ( OC2 ) has a strong association with satisfaction ( OE3 ) , which approves hypothesis 3f. ( 7 ) The employee s desire to keep rank ( OC3 ) has a strong association with leading ( OE1 ) , which approves hypothesis 3g. ( 8 ) The employee s desire to keep rank ( OC3 ) has a strong association with organisational clime ( OE2 ) , which approves hypothesis 3h. ( 9 ) The employee s desire to keep rank ( OC3 ) has a strong association with satisfaction ( OE3 ) , which approves hypothesis 3i. Based on the overall agencies and standard divergence calculated from questionnaire and the survey found the participant in the sample and given the highest mark to the learning organisation patterns and average overall mark to the organisational committedness and in the last the organisational effectivity. The correlativity between larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness and organisational effectivity are moderate to strong and the SMEs indicate that larning organisation patterns have the strong impact on the organisational committedness and organisational effectivity. Discussion In footings of gender, the results described that there were no gender differences in most of the dimensions of larning organisation patterns, but the two dimensions of coaction and squad acquisition and supplying strategic leading for larning in which males scored higher. This procedure demonstrated that both work forces and adult females pay equal attending to larning organisation patterns. Males may be given more attending than the females. In regard to age, people aged 50 or more than the 50 give the highest Markss and people who have aged 40 or more than 40 give the lowest Markss to larning organisation patterns dimensions. This tendency demonstrate that the oldest group have the healthiest comprehension of the believes to larn the aims of larning organisation patterns. In footings of instruction degree, in SMEs all the respondents holding higher instruction degree give the highest tonss. Merely two dimensions of larning organisation patterns, connect the organisation to its environment and empower people toward a corporate version holding no differences. In footings of the employee size variable, the large companies ever score higher than the smaller companies. Merely one dimension strategic leading in larning organisation patterns had no differences. This procedure demonstrated that the big companies have more chance to take part in the patterns of create systems, enquiry and duologue, connect to the environment, uninterrupted acquisition, coaction and squad acquisition, and empower people. The relationships for larning organisation patterns between organisational committedness and organisational effectivity have been studied in many surveies ( Ahmad A ; Bakar, 2003 ; Bartlett, 2001 ; Kontoghiorghes A ; Bryant, 2004 ) , in which all the empirical consequences have elaborated that larning organisation patterns can back up in bettering employee committedness and effectivity toward the organisation. Meanwhile, organisational committedness and effectivity motivated and eager to hike up employee towards motive in the workplace ( Cho A ; Kwon, 2005 ) . In position of the consequences of the old surveies on larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity, the relationships among the three constructs are equal ( Cho A ; Kwon, 2005 ) . The consequences from this survey demonstrate that larning organisation pattern had a strong impact on organisational committedness with a important positive way coefficient ; which represented that the relationship between larning organisation patterns and organisational committedness is equal, and a strong force was occurred from larning organisation patterns to organisational committedness. Therefore, the first hypothesis in this survey was supported. Similarly, larning organisation pattern had a strong impact on organisational effectivity with a moderate positive way coefficient. So, larning organisation patterns plays a cardinal function for cultivating the better committedness and effectivity in organisations. This survey has besides assimilated a new variable, organisational effectivity, in look intoing the relationships between larning organisation patterns an organisational committedness. SEM was utilized in this survey to look into the relationships among the three cardinal organisational variables in Pakistani contexts. The results from this survey propose that larning organisation patterns can be observed as important antecedent factor for organisational committedness, every bit good as an antecedent factor for organisational effectivity. It has a reasonably positive association with organisational effectivity and a strongly positive relation with organisational committedness. Furthermore, the relationship between organisational committedness and organisational effectivity is mutual but non equal. Organizational committedness has a reasonably positive influence on organisational effectivity ; nevertheless, organisational effectivity has a weak positive impact on organisational committedness. The result non merely gives a new way for organisational research on cardinal variables, but besides produces a important suggestion for organisational pattern: Tautening up larning organisation patterns is a wise manner to make organisational effectivity ; a st rong acquisition organisation patterns is good to better the organisational committedness ; and the well-developed organisational committedness is a benefit to further organisational effectivity. Recommendations for Future Research This survey provides the footing for future research to find links among larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity in order to better the apprehension of the function of larning organisation patterns in organisational success. First, in adding to the method among larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity, it is proposed that this research be carried on by utilizing different instrument methods, such as organisation development, invention, and public presentation, because there have been few survey with concern to the impacts of larning organisation patterns on these variables in Pakistani endeavor state of affairss, All of these tools would allow bookmans to research many appraisals of larning organisation patterns. Scholars have mentioned a multidimensional attack ( Rico, Sanchez-Manzanares, Gil, A ; Gibson 2008 ) to develop steps of these links. Second, there is a demand to find the differences among little and moderate-sized endeavors in different types of industries and ownership types, including high-tech houses, government-invested houses, joint ventures, and non-profit organisations. Finally, there is a demand to prove the research theoretical account utilizing multiple methodological analysiss, such as multivariate analysis of discrepancy, instance survey, and qualitative research, to analyze organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity, and to detect, perceive, or confirm consequences from this empirical survey. Decisions This empirical survey discovered nexus between larning organisation patterns, organisational committedness, and organisational effectivity in Faisalabad Pakistan SME state of affairss. This survey produces many important consequences and parts to exert and research.Founded on the consequences that larning organisation pattern had a strong impact on organisational committedness and effectivity, and organisational committedness has a positive influence on organisational effectivity, it is determined that larning organisation patterns and organisational committedness are the positive confidences by which organisations eventually reach the achievement of organisational effectivity. Three chief results on these inquiries are termed as follows. First, larning organisation patterns can be looked at as an important case in point component for organisational committedness, every bit good as a case in point component for organisational effectivity, and organisational committedness has a positive influence on organisational effectivity in the scene of Pakistani little and moderate-sized endeavors. Second, based on the result that demographic characters and groups have diverse impacts on the three issues, it is decided that diverse gender did hold of import impacts on organisational committedness ; group aged 50 or more mark upper limit in the learning organisation patterns ; higher instruction wages to higher accepting of the value of acquisition, committedness, and effectivity ; assembly with cardinal duty in direction Markss maximum in all three dimensions ; endeavors process old ages over 10 indicate the maximal degree of organisational committedness and effectivi ty ; biggest companies ever mark higher than the smallest companies.

The Goliad Massacre - Texas Revolution

The Goliad Massacre - Texas Revolution The Goliad Massacre: On March 27, 1836, over three hundred rebellious Texan prisoners, most of them captured a few days before while battling the Mexican army, were executed by Mexican forces. The Goliad Massacre became a rallying cry for other Texans, who shouted Remember the Alamo! and Remember Goliad! at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. The Texas Revolution: After years of antagonism and tension, settlers in the area of modern-day Texas decided to break off from Mexico in 1835. The movement was mainly led by USA-born Anglos who spoke little Spanish and who had migrated there legally and illegally, although the movement had some support among native Tejanos, or Texas-born Mexicans. The fighting broke out on October 2, 1835 in the town of Gonzales. In December, the Texans captured the town of San Antonio: on March 6, the Mexican army took it back at the bloody Battle of the Alamo. Fannin in Goliad: James Fannin, a veteran of the siege of San Antonio and one of the only Texans with any actual military training, was in command of about 300 troops in Goliad, about 90 miles away from San Antonio. Before the Battle of the Alamo, William Travis had sent repeated pleas for aid, but Fannin never came: he cited logistics as the cause. Meanwhile, refugees came pouring through Goliad on their way east, telling Fannin and his men of the advance of the massive Mexican army. Fannin had occupied a small fort in Goliad and felt secure in his position. Retreat to Victoria: On March 11, Fannin received word from Sam Houston, overall commander of the Texan army. He learned of the fall of the Alamo and received orders to destroy the defensive works at Goliad and retreat to the town of Victoria. Fannin lingered, however, as he had two units of men in the field, under Amon King and William Ward. Once he learned that King, Ward and their men had been captured, he set out, but by then the Mexican army was very close. The Battle of Coleto: On March 19, Fannin finally left Goliad, at the head of a long train of men and supplies. The many carts and supplies made the going very slow. In the afternoon, Mexican cavalry appeared: the Texans struck up a defensive position. The Texans fired their long rifles and cannons at the Mexican cavalry, inflicting heavy damage, but during the fighting, the main Mexican host under the command of Josà © Urrea arrived, and they were able to surround the rebel Texans. As night fell, the Texans ran out of water and ammunition and were forced to surrender. This engagement is known as the Battle of Coleto, as it was fought near Coleto Creek. Terms of Surrender: The terms of the Texans surrender are unclear. There was much confusion: no one spoke both English and Spanish, so negotiations were carried out in German, as a handful of soldiers on each side spoke that language. Urrea, under orders from Mexican General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, could not accept anything but an unconditional surrender. Texans present at the negotiations recall that they were promised that they would be disarmed and sent to New Orleans if they promised not to return to Texas. It may be that Fannin agreed to an unconditional surrender on the basis that Urrea would put in a good word for the prisoners with General Santa Anna. It was not to be. Imprisonment: The Texans were rounded up and sent back to Goliad. They thought they were to be deported, but Santa Anna had other plans. Urrea tried hard to convince his commander that the Texans should be spared, but Santa Anna would not be budged. The rebel prisoners were put under the command of Colonel Nicols de la Portilla, who received clear word from Santa Anna that they were to be executed. The Goliad Massacre: On March 27, the prisoners were rounded up and marched out of the fort at Goliad. There were somewhere between three and four hundred of them, which included all of the men captured under Fannin as well as some others that had been taken previously. About a mile away from Goliad, the Mexican soldiers opened fire on the prisoners. When Fannin was told he was to be executed, he gave his valuables to a Mexican officer asking that they be given to his family. He also requested not to be shot in the head and to have a decent burial: he was shot in the head, looted, burned and dumped into a mass grave. About forty wounded prisoners, who had been unable to march, were executed at the fort. Legacy of the Goliad Massacre: It is unknown how many Texan rebels were executed that day: the number is somewhere between 340 and 400. Twenty-eight men escaped in the confusion of the execution and a handful of physicians were spared. The bodies were burned and dumped: for weeks, they were left to the elements and gnawed on by wild animals. Word of the Goliad Massacre quickly spread throughout Texas, infuriating the settlers and rebel Texans. Santa Annas order to kill the prisoners worked both for and against him: it assured that settlers and homesteaders in his path quickly packed up and left, many of them not stopping until they had crossed back into the United States. However, the rebellious Texans were able to use Goliad as a rallying cry and recruitment soared: some no doubt signed on believing that the Mexicans would execute them even if they were not in arms when captured. On April 21, less than a month later, General Sam Houston engaged Santa Anna at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. The Mexicans were taken by surprise by the afternoon attack and completely routed. Enraged Texans shouted Remember the Alamo! and Remember Goliad! as they slaughtered the terrified Mexicans as they tried to flee. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign documents recognizing Texas independence, effectively ending the war. The Goliad Massacre marked an ugly moment in the history of the Texas Revolution. It led at least partially to the Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, however. With the rebels at the Alamo and Goliad dead, Santa Anna felt confident enough to divide his force, which in turn allowed Sam Houston to defeat him. The rage felt by the Texans at the massacre manifested itself in a willingness to fight that was evident at San Jacinto. Source: Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.

Effects of Medical Marijuana and Marijuana on the Brain System Research Paper

Effects of Medical Marijuana and Marijuana on the Brain System - Research Paper Example These compounds are called cannabinoids. The THC content varies according to the source of cannabis and its preparation (Ashton). Nonmedicinal effect of marijuana is the intoxication it can produce. Marijuana is rolled as cigarettes and smoked. The odor of the smoke is distinct, pungent, and sweet-and-sour. Marijuana is consumed along with food and its decoction is served as tea. All variants of marijuana produce initial excitement followed by depression (NIH). Marijuana is used in ayurveda for its medicinal properties. Its derivatives act as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hallucinogenic, and sedative. Marijuana is recommended in cancer chemotherapy as an antiemetic and for treating glaucoma. Marijuana plant in ayurveda is used for its hallucinogenic, hypnotic, sedative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. (Rajasekar). Medical marijuana or medical cannabis is available as leaves and flowering tops. Medical marijuana is a schedule I drug. Derivatives of cannabis or marijuana are in use for their medicinal actions in United States and Canada for a long time. Such derivatives are dronabinol and nabilone that are schedule III and schedule II drugs respectively. Another derivative ‘nabiximol’ has not been approved by the USFDA (Borgelt, Franson and Nussbaum). The nature of formulation and patient’s character influence the pharmacological actions of cannabinoid compounds. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 respond differently. The cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exerts primary psychoactive actions. Cannabinoid derivatives dronabinol and nabilone are used for treating nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy. It is also given to patients suffering from anorexia due to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cannabis compounds are recommended for treating pain and muscle spasms (Borgelt, Franson and Nussbaum). More than 400 compounds are present in herbal cannabis. The plant genus cannabis contains more than 60

Propostition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Propostition - Essay Example Among the most vivid issues is the sexual tendency of Mary. It is clear that she found opportunities to use sex as a way of surviving in the extremely demanding and fast growing city of New York. For this reason, she could reap economic benefits from the many encounters she was bound to have. Secondly, it is evident as per Amy’s perspective that she represented a class of indecisive women who were readily practicing manipulation through use of their beauty. It is only normal that one may have negative escapades with people while exercising such vices. While working at the cigar shop where she had been employed, Mary had once disappeared and then resurfaced after a period of time. This shows that she was not a stranger perplexing acts. It is also strange of how a suitor by the name Cromellin retreated after having his proposal rejected. The silence and attention may seem evil. Also, during the times she worked, there had been several youth gangs in the area. They committed acts of violence in the streets causing the police to be put on the spotlight. Mary’s daily routines of interaction with such people obviously did not translate well considering her manipulative nature. Consequently, there arise a lot of players in the life of Mary, many of whom have or may have a score to settle with her. It can be assumed that hers is a mysterious death since no one can point a finger at a specific player. On the other hand, it can be opposed that her death was not mysterious but rather consequential. Settling on the sexuality nature, it can be argued that the final conclusion of the police investigation may have been true. The police concluded that her death may have been as a result of a botched abortion procedure. Considering her sexual involvement with young men it is natural that she could have got pregnant. Mary also had a love affair with David Payne and they had planned to get married. Afterwards, Mary showed up at Crommelin premises (who she had earlie r rejected) planning for a reconciliation. Crommelin’s failure respond to the desperation letters from Mary finally prompted her to ask for financial assistance from him. It is understood that Crommelin did not respond therefore Mary acquired the money for an â€Å"emergency† elsewhere. On acquisition of the money she disappeared. Amy, in her book, asserts that she may have been seen in a place known for conducting abortions. In addition, witnesses reported that they had spotted Mary at a joint owned by a woman who executed such practices. The woman known as Mrs. Loss was a disciple of Madam Lestell (nicknamed Madam Killer). She had derived her nickname from her long-standing belief that the only birth control method was abortion. Since she was rather too reserved for the richer women, Mrs. Loss would take care of Mary. Mrs. Loss she denied any involvement with Mary upon interrogation. However, clothes resembling Mary’s were found at the nearby thicket. The woma n also admitted to hearing screams in the nearby bush. The evidence documented by the author and largely point to the act of abortion perpetrated by Mary Rodgers. More so, the asking of an â€Å"emergency loan† by Mary and the sight of her at the place associated with abortion inclines towards the act abortion. The final conclusion of the police: terming the death as a result of a botched abortion is dependable considering the provisions. This conclusion is more dependable than that of terming the

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assignment 6 - Essay Example The all serve purpose of advertising with difference in approaches and content of the messages. This is the initial stage where consumer is made aware of the product and forms a vague idea of the product/service. The marketer needs to ascertain the level of awareness the customer has and act fit towards clearer understanding of the product/service (P.J., 2010). Explanation and use of sample displays at this point will drive the point home increasing the chances of making a sell. At this point, the consumer is well aware of the product or service but probably misses the actual benefits or offers the product or service will accord him. By learning what the target market have an understanding and the depth of the knowledge, the best foot forward here is increasing the spread of the detailed knowledge of the product/ service. A stage is reached when the customer has started relating with the product and develops special connections to it. This is the liking stage and the marketer is to understand the feeling of the consumer about his product /services. When the marketers get a hint of the feeling, they take an appropriate action towards putting campaigns or communication into design. In cases where the market has different other products, the market will seek to unearth the preference of the customer. Getting a glimpse of the priority listing the customer has, the marketer tries a concerted effort to improve preference and bringing it up the priority list. At this stage, the marketer has come along way to give up. The consumer should be given the strongest reason possible to strengthen his belief in the product/ service being offered. The marketer at this point needs to choose the right words that will strongly recommend the product to the consumer to drive conviction of the good or service. The above stages make no sense if it does not culminate at the purchase level. This stage succeeds the conviction stage where

PROJECT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PROJECT 2 - Essay Example By so doing, it gives the rationale for the alternative methodology in doing this kind of research (Donald, 2010).  The journal is supported by some others on the topic. This research is, therefore, one of the best materials available in action research. It is because it gives more information on action research and the steps that can be followed when carrying out a comprehensive research are also outlined. Kitchen, J., & Stevens, D. (2014). Action research in teacher education: two teacher-educators practice action research as they introduce action research to pre-service teachers. Action Research, 23(3): 7-28.    The article analyses some of the qualitative techniques that are dependent on different forms of discourse analysis. By analyzing the different methods which depend on analysis of the spoken or written language, the journal examines the relevance of discourse analysis, while looking at qualitative techniques (Kitchen & Stevens, 2014). It entails the examination and analysis of different methods and plays an important role in the discourse analysis, which is a significant in the process of action research. Sample methods used in the analysis of the spoken or written language are discussed in the paper. By reading this article, the reader gets more information on discourse analysis. As such, he or she will be in a position to carry out the process without difficulty. Some attributes of the traditional empirical-research have not been taken seriously by various scholars. This article recognizes the advantages and the disadvantages of traditional research (Peters, 2014). By looking at the disadvantages of this type of research, the article seeks to discover the contradictions which may exist in the research methods (Peters, 2014).It comes up with the conclusion that this type of research has its individual extortions to potency. The paper therefore gets rid of the contradictions that may

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Essay

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - Essay Example In terms of finance, withdrawal or withholding treatments in the intensive care unit should defend on the capacity of the relatives of the patient to pay for the costs of health care services. However, financial constraints do not make withdrawing or withholding treatment ethical. Withholding treatment is grounded on medical, ethical, social, and religious values of the patient and the relatives of the terminally ill patient. Different patients have different opinions on the issue. However, rich patients prefer to continue the treatment because they can afford to pay the health care bills. On the other hand, most poor and indigent patients and relatives of poor patients prefer to cut off the life support and other health-prolonging medical equipments and medicines to the patients. Ian Thompson (2006) emphasized applying the utilitarianism ethics concept, the nurse and medical doctor can emphasize that the ethics should focus on the principle â€Å"the end justifies the means†. Under this theory, it would be ethically preferable to remove the life support system if the continued use of the life support system would only prolong the suffering of the terminally ill patient. Under the utilitarian ethics theory, the killing of the patient would be preferable because the end result would be the same: the patient cannot escape impending death. On the other hand, Ian Thompson (2006) also explained deontology ethics states that a rule should be implement in all situations. Under the deontology ethics concept, there are no exceptions to the rule. The rule of avoiding the abandonment or killing of the patient should be to upheld in all situations. Thus, the nurse and the medical doctor should not accept the request of the relatives to pull the plug because they can no longer afford to pay for the services of the medical doctor, nurse, and other healthcare costs. In addition, the medical doctor cannot advise the relatives that it is better to shorten the suffering o f the patient by removing the life support. Further, most medical doctors and nurses implement utilitarianism ethics in their practice. The nurses and medical doctors accept the patients’ family’s request to halt the life support system due to lack of funds to paying the increasing hospital bills of the terminally ill patient. The reason is economics. The healthcare center cannot afford to continue the treatment without payment. Likewise, the patient and the relatives do not have funds to pay for the continued treatment of the patient. In the research conducted, physicians and families of patients on life support system agreed on the decision on when to limit the life support system of their terminally ill relatives (Tschudin, 2003). A research was conducted on 3,498 consecutive patients admitted in six intensive care units. 6.6 percent of the total population had their therapy withheld or withdrawn. Consequently, 221 died in the ICU. The proposal to withhold treatment was advised by the physicians on 210 of the 226 patients. The family members proposed the withholding of treatment in the remaining 16 patients (Esteban et. al., 2001). In another research conducted, physicians in Israel withheld and or had withdrawn the patients’ life support system. This is unethical. The study focused on the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Israel. The findings of the research indicated the life support system in 52 of the 385 patients had cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Choose from Prompt 1 or Prompt 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose from Prompt 1 or Prompt 2 - Essay Example The New York Times was formerly known as New York Daily Times, and was later changed to New York Times. The newspaper’s popularity grew when it first published an article that exposed William Magear, the tweed leader of the city democratic party that brought about the end of the tweed ring in the New York City hall. At the beginning it published news and articles from Monday-Saturday, but later joined other dailies adding a Sunday edition. Since the newspaper started being published, it has expanded its structure and organization adding special weekly articles, regular news, editorials, sports and features. Currently, it is divided into different sections; these are news, editorials, business, sports of the times, science, style, home, and other unique features.It covers issues relating to politics, social issues, relationships, love and war like the political persuasions, Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Iraq war. Because of its constantly declining rates in sales that were attributed to the rise of alternative media and social media, the newspaper has over the years experienced downsizing, hence offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses. Despite its credibility in the world, The New York Times has had discriminatory practices that restricted women in the editorial positions. In Februar y 2013, the New York Times stopped giving a lifelong position for the journalists and editors. The New York Times targets the young generation, that is mostly people less than 30 years of age. Approximately over half of them are college graduates and about a quarter are high income earners.. The newspaper magazine directs its content towards people who are well-educated, literate, who are in professional jobs. The New York Times new entry level aims at the young people, who are a more internet young audience. Another new edition is The New York Times Juniors edition, which targets the very young generation and college

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Essay

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - Essay Example In terms of finance, withdrawal or withholding treatments in the intensive care unit should defend on the capacity of the relatives of the patient to pay for the costs of health care services. However, financial constraints do not make withdrawing or withholding treatment ethical. Withholding treatment is grounded on medical, ethical, social, and religious values of the patient and the relatives of the terminally ill patient. Different patients have different opinions on the issue. However, rich patients prefer to continue the treatment because they can afford to pay the health care bills. On the other hand, most poor and indigent patients and relatives of poor patients prefer to cut off the life support and other health-prolonging medical equipments and medicines to the patients. Ian Thompson (2006) emphasized applying the utilitarianism ethics concept, the nurse and medical doctor can emphasize that the ethics should focus on the principle â€Å"the end justifies the means†. Under this theory, it would be ethically preferable to remove the life support system if the continued use of the life support system would only prolong the suffering of the terminally ill patient. Under the utilitarian ethics theory, the killing of the patient would be preferable because the end result would be the same: the patient cannot escape impending death. On the other hand, Ian Thompson (2006) also explained deontology ethics states that a rule should be implement in all situations. Under the deontology ethics concept, there are no exceptions to the rule. The rule of avoiding the abandonment or killing of the patient should be to upheld in all situations. Thus, the nurse and the medical doctor should not accept the request of the relatives to pull the plug because they can no longer afford to pay for the services of the medical doctor, nurse, and other healthcare costs. In addition, the medical doctor cannot advise the relatives that it is better to shorten the suffering o f the patient by removing the life support. Further, most medical doctors and nurses implement utilitarianism ethics in their practice. The nurses and medical doctors accept the patients’ family’s request to halt the life support system due to lack of funds to paying the increasing hospital bills of the terminally ill patient. The reason is economics. The healthcare center cannot afford to continue the treatment without payment. Likewise, the patient and the relatives do not have funds to pay for the continued treatment of the patient. In the research conducted, physicians and families of patients on life support system agreed on the decision on when to limit the life support system of their terminally ill relatives (Tschudin, 2003). A research was conducted on 3,498 consecutive patients admitted in six intensive care units. 6.6 percent of the total population had their therapy withheld or withdrawn. Consequently, 221 died in the ICU. The proposal to withhold treatment was advised by the physicians on 210 of the 226 patients. The family members proposed the withholding of treatment in the remaining 16 patients (Esteban et. al., 2001). In another research conducted, physicians in Israel withheld and or had withdrawn the patients’ life support system. This is unethical. The study focused on the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Israel. The findings of the research indicated the life support system in 52 of the 385 patients had cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

A paper about Cosmology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A paper about Cosmology - Essay Example These were the sought markers that put the Bang in the inflation theory in an anti-gravitational swelling that began trillionths of a second after the cosmic clock started kicking (Overbye n.d.). Kovac, the lead astrologer while speaking to the New York Times reaffirmed them that the results indicated by the bicep telescope were accurate with a one in ten million chance of being a fluke (Overbye n.d.). Systematic contamination was much smaller as indicated by Jackknife tests and simulations than the observed excess. Available models of polarized dust emission were also examined, indicating that they predict power ∠¼ (5−10) Ãâ€" which is lesser than the excess signal. However, not all possibilities relating to dust emission are analyzed by these models sufficiently (Ade et al., â€Å"bicep 1† 5). This was meant to reassure people who had doubts related to the data and calling for confirmation of the results. This came as a result of exceeding expectations based on earlier estimates on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space. The experiment not only provided first clues of forces that facilitated space and time, but also confirmed that the universe inflated dramatically (Whitney n.d.). The South Pole based research presented the first images of gravitational waves or ripples in space-time. First images of gravitational waves are exciting news said Cao-Lin Kuo while speaking to Stanford News. Stanford news further explains that gravitational waves squeeze space as they travel producing distinct patterns in the cosmic microwave background (n.d.). To acquire these images, the team examined spatial scales on the sky spanning about 1 to 5 degrees (Whitney n.d.). Through this, the researchers were able to gather more evidence that had seemed impossible. According to jet propulsion laboratory the gravitational waves produced a characteristic

The Vicissitude of Faith in Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example for Free

The Vicissitude of Faith in Night by Elie Wiesel Essay The Vicissitude of Faith in Night When we’re young and we have a toy or a play thing, we get angry if that thing is taken away from us; we throw a tantrum. This is because the toy retains our focus and interest, and then it’s just ripped away. Elie Wiesel was prematurely ripped from his world of family and faith, forced to the infamous concentration camp of Auschwitz to wither away along with the burned remains of his past and hopes. The drastic change from Wiesel’s rendition of his experiences during the Holocaust, Night, portrays many themes throughout the entirety of its pages, with one of the most prominent themes being Elie’s own faith and its vicissitude over time, of which is seen in the early years of his life where he was devout to his religion, to the train ride and arrival at Auschwitz where he begs God to help, ending in the death of his God as the children are hung, and the total rejection of a God altogether. As a child, before the Holocaust, Wiesel was a fervent and dedicated Jew. Early in the pages of Night, Wiesel recalls a question that his father had asked him. â€Å" ‘Why do you pray? ’ he asked me, after a moment. Why did I pray? A strange question. Why did I live? Why did I breathe? † (Wiesel 2). Wiesel’s life is centered around his religion; he finds it completely abstruse for his father to question his praying, because praying is what he does. Praying, faith, Judaism; all these things are his toys. Wiesel doesn’t just worship to worship, he worships because that is the thing he gets to play with. Imagine if these toys were taken away from him? These are just any toys, these toys are essential to his sanity and well-being. He compares his faith and prayer to his breathing. Not only does he need them, but losing them would be a debility that Wiesel isn’t sure he can face. Despite the necessity to retain this, they ignore the warnings and threats that the Nazis pose, and he and his family remain almost blissfully ignorant of the fact that there is the threat of their toys being ripped away and everything they know languishing into little more than a memory. This threat is sitting right in their front yard, and they have no idea of the vicissitude that will come and change their lives when the threat walks onto the porch, rolls up its sleeves, and knocks on the door. â€Å"Anguish. German soliders— with their steel helmets, and their emblem, the death’s hand. † (Wiesel 7). Everybody had denied it, but there they were. The Germans had come to Elie’s home of Sighet despite everyone’s belief. The Germans seemed nice at first, but this view would be ephemeral. The Germans first housed themselves inside the homes of the Jews, but this soon cascaded into constantly forcing them to give up their valuables, pushing them away from their homes until one day they were loaded onto the train and all Elie had left were the clothes on his back, his family, and God. The events leading up to his arrival were periods where he begged for God. He begged to God, whom he had dedicated his life, to save him and his family from the abrasive fist of the concentration camp. Once at the reception center, this is where he the game changes. When he watches the people around him pray for their lives, he just wonders â€Å"Why? † Why should he bless His name, when He has gone mute? In just a few short weeks, everything that he ever based his life on he questioned and went against. This changes his view on the world entirely. He now knows that God, the one who has always been beside him, can turn away from the torture of millions of people like it were nothing. He went from wholeheartedly giving his life to God, to eventually abjuring him altogether and getting angry at him. This is totally different for him; he’d never felt any distain for him until then. This shatters him, but at least his God is still there; still existent even though he looks away from the destruction. Unfortunately, this can’t last long. Wiesel had endured a lot during his time in concentration camps. Knowing that his God had turned his back on him was painful; without God the conditions made him extremely vulnerable and blighted. The Germans were persistent in crushing every one of them. They were determined to teach those who stepped out of line a lesson, and give an example of punishments to everyone else. And so, thusly, there were hangings. And, at one of these hangings was a child, who had been accused of something by the Germans and was thusly hanged. You can tell that all of Wiesel’s hope in God is lost when he says, â€Å" ‘Where is He? Here He is— He is hanging here on this gallows†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ † (Wiesel 62). Whilst everyone is looking for God, he already knows where he is. He is dead; he has been hanged just like everyone else. Before, he just rejected his God. God was just a figure who had ignored him in a time of need. But when he witnessed those hangings, he realized that God had not turned his back on him. God had tried to enter and was murdered. The safety of God and the sanctuary that comes with it was dead inside all of them. It was not God who had turned his back; it was the Germans who had forced him away. Wiesel went through many treacherous experiences during his time in concentration camps, but one of the worst was the change in is faith. Judaism used to be his world, he used to dedicate his life to it. It says early on in the book that every day he would study the Talmud in the first half of the day, and then he would go to the synagogue in the other half. One day, this was all ripped away from him. He used to be faithful, but soon afterwards he was left with the dawning realization that the God he was begging for help would no longer listen. He wouldn’t listen because his God couldn’t listen anymore. The Nazis made sure that anything having to do with Judaism was punished and murdered, and that goes for his God too. His toy was faith, the God that lay inside him where he could go for hope. But the Nazis took it away from him. At first, it would seem as if God had betrayed him. This was not the case, God had not betrayed him. The God that he held inside him, the God he loved and lived with and the God who had always been there had been beaten out of him and killed. This toy was a piece of him he can never have back. All because someone came up, took it, and crushed it. The toy became broken, and just like that, so did Wiesel.

science fiction and fantasy :: essays research papers

The question is whether it is possible to distinguish between fantasy and true science fiction. I am reminded of the analogy, attributable I believe, to Theodore Sturgeon, of the elf ascending vertically the side of a brick wall. In a science fiction story the knees of the elf would be bent, his center of gravity thrown forward, his stocking cap hanging down his neck, with his feet quite possibly equipped with some form of suction cups. In a fantasy, on the other hand, the elf would simply stride up the wall in a normal walking posture, with his stocking cap standing straight out from his brow. What is the difference between these scenarios? The typical answer is that the science fiction story must play by the implicit rules of the universe; in this instance, gravitation. Fantasy, however, need not "tip its hat" to the Law of Universal Gravitation the story can bend the rules in which gives it the fantasy genre. But what if, for some specified reason, in the local vicinity of the elf on the wall, the vector of gravitational force just happens to be perpendicular to the side of the wall rather than parallel to it? In this case the behavior of the elf in the fantasy would be in perfect accord with physical law. One might then say that the fantasy is actually science fiction since we have posited a "scientific" explanation for the behavior of the elf. Both science fiction and mainstream fiction explore the political and social implications of religion. The chief difference is one of setting. Science fiction considers what religion may become under vastly altered circumstances. Leigh Brackett The Long Tomorrow (1955) suggests the possibility that one religion might better prepare its followers for post-holocaust existence than others do. Kate Wilhelm Let the Fire Fall (1969) takes place in a future United States swept by millennial fanaticism. Frank Herbert Dune stories examine in some depth the effects of political rule by characters that are regarded as divine (Martin 1981). Certainly this is not a complete list of the ways science fiction writers treat the theme of religion. But it is suggestive of a much deeper and wider interest in the theme than many has been willing to recognize. So far, literary criticism has not adequately dealt with this fact. In light of the cultural influences already mentioned, these essays, by and large, take a generally Christian and theological approach to the topic.

The God Of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Essay -- God Small Things Aru

The God Of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Before going into the theatre â€Å"to see The Sound of Music for the third time† (35), Estha â€Å"[completes] his first adult assignment† (93). He goes to the bathroom on his own, while Ammu, Baby and Rahel accompany each other to the ladies room. This little detail about going to use the restroom foreshadows another instance where Estha will be forced from being a child into manhood. Ammu tells Estha to â€Å"shut UP!!† (96) because he was singing along to the words of the movies. Instead of shutting up, he leaves the theatre on his own account, because â€Å"he couldn’t help† (96) but sing along to the words he knew. After completing his first adult assignment, his childlikeness comes out in having to sing the lyrics in â€Å"a nun’s voice† (96). He did not know that this act of immaturity, in acting his own age, he would be shoved into yet another adult assignment, something that he kept as a small thing, but ended up as a Big Thing inside him. The Orangedrink Lemondrink Man scolded Estha for â€Å"[disturbing]† (97) him with his song. As soon as he is done scolding him, his â€Å"yellow piano key† (97) teeth offered him a free drink. As Estha came, the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man already knew what he had in store for Estha. The Man asked him questions, and Estha, being a man and a child, had to answer. Where did he live? What did his family do? The Man â€Å"handed Estha his penis† (98) and made Estha masturbate him while he drank his lemon drink, and he had to, because the Man â€Å"knew where to find [him]† (104). After the Man was done with Estha, he sent him back into the theatre. Estha knew from this time that he would be love a little less if anyone knew what he had done with the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man. So he told no one. But in his head, a conversation was taking place between himself and Baron von Trapp, the father in The Sound of Music. Would von Trapp love him even though he was not white? Even though he â€Å"[blew] spit bubbles†¦[shivered] his legs†¦ held a strangers’ soo-soos?† (101). Was he still acceptable to obtain a Baba’s love? He knew that it was â€Å"out of the question. [He could not] love them† (102). No father could ever love him. They leave the theatre because Estha the child, Estha the man, is sick. When they exit the theatre, the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man smiles at Rahel and offers her candy. She goes toward him, and is... ...lowing it to be made into another myth or to be erased by the present. The time was â€Å"painted† on to the wrist-watch that was buried under the History House. When that watch was left to become one with the grass and the dirt, it captured many things. It made time stand still. It took away the desire to speak. This affected Ammu and Estha in everlasting ways. Ammu went mad before she died. Ammu treated Rahel as though she were still seven, when she was actually eleven, saying, â€Å"It was as though [she] believed that if she refused to acknowledge the passage of time, if she willed it to stand still in the lives or her twins, it would† (152). Estha changed dramatically as well. When â€Å"childhood tiptoed out† and â€Å"silence slid in like a bolt† (303), they went to where the watch was, buried with Ammu’s mind. In the ground of the History house, the time would remain at â€Å"ten to two† (121). Ten to two; two small people against ten big people. Rahel and Estha â€Å"trapped in†¦ a story† (224) against Mamachi, Baby, Chacko, Margret, Sophie, Ammu, Velutha, Kochu Maria, Pillai, and the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man. Ten. Ten to Two. Where the God of Small Things, â€Å"if he fought he couldn’t win† (207).

Modernism, Erich Heckel and Primitive Art Essay

The names Erich Heckel and Die Brucke are inseparable in the world of art. It is not without a fair amount of controversy that this artistic movement is regarded though. Heckel, and others were more interested in the primitive form of art which they thought to be purer than the more modern realistic style that had evolved in Europe at the time. But how did the ‘primitive’ art of Africa and other areas affect the style of this movement during a particularly restless political climate in Europe? We will discuss this with reference to the work of Erich Heckel, one of the artists who contributed to the movement greatly during its short life. Die Brucke (The Bridge) was an artistic movement that congregated before the first World War. It was founded by four architecture students in Dresden. Together with Die Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), Die Brucke represented German Expressionism which later was banned by the Nazi’s as ‘degenerate’ art [1]. It was the national equivalent of the French Fauves who wished to present a more modernistic and free form of art. It was in early Nazi Germany that degenerate art or ‘entartete kunst’ made Die Brucke a ridiculed artistic movement. Some of the artists banned from activity included Marc Chagall, Max Ernst and Wassily Kandinsky who were all particular members of the then German Expressionist movement [2]. The primary reason for this banning had been due to one aspect in its entirety: primitivism. In the case of Marc Chagall, his inspiration came from a certain spirituality that was involved in the process of creating art and primitive symbolism gave him just that link to spirituality he needed to express himself [2]. Chagall, as one of the modernist painters had been born in Russia into a Jewish family and even though he was not German, he was exiled to the United States after Germany occupied France. Paul Klee was another of the German Expressionist who was ridiculed as an artist because of the primitive nature of his work. Klee was a Swiss born artist who was extremely serious about pushing the boundaries of art, something Nazi Germany definitely did not encourage. The primitive symbolism is particularly visible in paintings such as Fish Magic (1925), oil and aquarelle color [4: p 2834]. Klee uses the heavy stylization and cubism to convey an environment that is much more complicated in its meaning than its composition. There is an element of surrealism also conveyed in this piece, where a clock is displayed amidst the floating fish and cubist inspired people. A conjugation of cubism and surrealism is visible but there is also an aspect of Cezanne with the conical vases suspended around the picture. Death and Fire (1940) is another extremely primitive piece and has elements of the South American Indians such as the Inca [4: p 2841]. Franc Marc melded primitive figures with cubism and bright colors. Tower of Blue Horses (1913), revealed a recurring theme in his work. For Marc, the color blue was a deep spiritual color while horses were a Biblical symbol of the apocalypse [5]. As a member of Die Blaue Reiter, his consciousness was fixated on animalistic painting which he believed depicted the organic structure of the world [5: p 2985]. Despite being declined as an artist in Germany, his work is extremely beautiful. Edvard Munch shifted from Norway to Germany but his exhibition was quickly shut down in Berlin. He could be seen as one of the forerunners to primitivism in art and therefore not popular in Germany. Munch’s best known work is possibly The Scream (1893) whose primitive nature is extremely evident not only in the brushstrokes but also in the treatment of the subject itself [6: p 2352]. Some of his work, as opposed to Marc, is not beautiful, but grotesque and indicative of the tormented self. Wassily Kandinsky is possibly the most interesting of the ‘degenerate’ artists. He was not only affected by the Russian revolution, but later also the Nazi invasion. His version of primitivism came in his obsession with geometry, similar to Marc. Composition VIII (1923), is literally a composition of geometric shapes. The colors are bright and dispersed around the entire picture. Some blocks of color are textured, but most of it is matte and smooth color. Erich Heckel, as a founder member of Die Brucke was born in Dobeln in 1883. Most of Heckel’s figures were in fact two dimensional versions of African sculptures. From equatorial Africa, down towards Southern Africa, sculptures was used symbolically most often for religious purposes. Heckel had been very interested in one particular room at the Brucke studio which was filled with cloths, wood-carvings and furniture obtained in Africa and the ‘South Seas’. He began studying at the Museum of Ethnology in Dresden to increase his understanding of the ‘primitive’ art [9]. His woodcut entitled Women (1913), has traditional colors of red, white and black. The chiseled features are geometrically shaped and stylized to give the cut the same angularity of the carvings that originated in Africa. The same print style is visible in cloth artifacts that were also imported from the African areas and so-called primitive countries. Part of the rationale behind the primitivism work was an almost communist stance against the bourgeois sector of society [8]. There had been an increased interest in ‘visual metaphor’, pictures that expressed something from the inside: an innate spirituality. At this stage, modern art became profoundly political, shifting the meaning of art from simple decorative and esthetics to a complex vessel for expounding social interests. The modern world took on a different color during the early 1900’s, which led to the increased darkening of themes and images, but Heckel was a little different. The Expressionists, including Heckel drew inspiration from ‘primitive’ art for various reasons. These reasons included: counter-revolutionary reasons; new found freedom of thought; anti-capitalist protest; seeking the purest, most honest depiction of spirituality; fascination with ‘otherness’; exploration of the spontaneous; external expression of the inner emotion and philosophical creativity. The Art Nouveau movement had taken its expression from the decadent nature of estheticism. It was art for arts sake and had been a depiction of the environment at the time, but Expressionism behaved as a counter-revolutionary protest against the capitalist or ‘bourgeois’ society [10]. The Expressionists felt that materialistic society had degraded spirituality and inner connection in people in general. Together with a new found freedom of expression introduced by the likes of Picasso and Miro, Dali and even Duchamps, the Expressionists now felt that they could express their own opinions via art. As a result, there was an increased need for internal examination that stripped away the ostentatious outer layer of the Baroque and Romantic era. Primitive cultures had been particularly interested in the spiritual and found this spirituality in the simplest forms of art [10]. Arguably, the many layers humanity had added to themselves through material possession and fashion hid the inner emotional volcano the Expressionists wanted to uncover. The ‘primitive’ was largely unaffected by the material practices and therefore appeared to be a more honest way of expressing the suppressed emotion. It was also more based on instinct then on rationality [10]. The other key interest is in the concept of ‘otherness’. The fact that this particular form of art was largely unknown to the ‘civilized’ world was a curious thing for Europeans to acknowledge [10]. It added a freshness or ‘newness’ to the high-browed European art world. Modern artist Shastri Maharaj describes the obsession with primitiveness as being an interest in the bold colors and sharp outlines usually associated with the tools used to form the images. Artists such as Modigliani were particularly interested in Polynesian images, while Heckel was interested in the so-called ‘Bantu’ style of woodcarving. Either way they were both inspired by something that was new and unexplored [11]. Masks such as ‘death masks’ were images used in works that explored the nature of life and death, due in part to their austere beauty and also because they were unafraid of facing the inevitable. At this stage, psychiatry had also made a huge influence on society, with Sigmund Freud’s encouragement to face inner demons that include man’s inherent fear of death. What was termed ‘funerary’ art created a stir around the unknown and facing the unknown [11]. Ancestral worship had been an aspect of primitive art that was also seen as relatively unacceptable to Christian Europe. Robert Goldwater spent his life studying traditional art and the relationship between modern artists and their anthropological fascination with tribal and ancestral art. Even if one was to consider Salvador Dali’s depictions of animals and people with exaggerated limbs, we see an influence that it not unlike the North Eastern sculptures of Africa. Together with the Metropolitan Museum, they created an extensive resource of primitive art. A closer look at ritual art reveals at the Metropolitan Museum reveals that the ancient work was either of stone, wood or precious metals were richly patterned and elaborately colored. The relationship therefore between the modernist painters and the ancient world is visible in the brightly colored depictions of the artists such as Marc and Chagall. That Heckel took his inspiration from the African component of primitive art is evident since the majority of African art was produced in wood and ivory as opposed to the gold that is associated with the South American Indians. Some of the art was also indicative of the caste or rank of the people within the civilization and this proved to be a great difference in the material that was used by the individual artist during that time [12]. Ceremony was an integral part of their belief structure and could not be separated from their daily life in much the same way as the Greeks could not separate their idol-worship from their mere existence. It was this factor of belonging and having a purpose to life that the Expressionists found to be the missing link in European art. This was the factor they believed had distanced them from their own inner glory. As the Metropolitan Museum also reveals there was a heightened collectivity about these primitive artists, that they functioned in some form of hierarchal unity that no longer existed in, for instance, Nazi dominated Europe [12]. Da Vinci had been responsible for exploring the inner functioning of the human body, its bones and muscles, but prior to that, the human body was depicted in much the same way the African sculptures portrayed it to be: relatively shapeless. Women appeared however to always be portrayed as nubile, voluptuous and well-endowed, which is probably the archetype but not indicative of the average woman. These ‘fertility’ goddesses were presumed to bring good-fortune to child-bearing women and Heckel produced a number of lino and wood cuts bearing the semblance of these fecund women. As it can be perceived, the primitive world was one in which survival of a race, tribe of civilization was dependant on the amount of children born and even then, on how many survived. In modern Europe, the ‘race’ had already been established and the need to breed was not as great as the need to supplicate the need for material wealth. Cultural difference therefore lay in the status of the country at the time and although many of the works that inspired the likes of Heckel are form the Sudanese area, it is also the area of Africa which is still fighting the oldest war in Africa. The survival instinct is still as alive as it had been in ‘primitive’ times. The Indian component of ‘primitive art’ is visible in almost all of the Expressionist work, particularly that of Klee, whose aforementioned piece called Death and Fire, reveals the common obsession with death and the possibility of life thereafter. The Peruvian tribes such as the Moche provided artists with a clear glimpse into their entire grotesque world of death, burial and the afterlife. The Inca too, had profound images of death as well as the most famous sarcophagi of Egypt. The masks were meant to be a motif of the victim, but since the skill of copying the dead person was not quite as practiced as, Gainsborough or Lely, they were heavily stylized. Klee saw no reason to attempt to glamorize the process of death and going to hell in the way that perhaps Blake would have, but instead brought it down to what it really was: a primal fear. Modigliani’s work is well known to have been influenced by the Polynesian realms, and this is also seen not only in his subject matter but also in his cubist approach to the subject matter. A cotemporary of Picasso, he did not quite stylize his subject to the point of pure abstraction but used brightly colored flowers and luscious physical arrangements in a time when that was considered not only ‘kitsch’ but also inappropriate. The question was, did it make any difference when compared to the works of the also ridiculed Goya or even further back to Rubens? No, the problem was no the nude, but the nationality of the nude. The ‘otherness’ of the subject made them appear to be crude, basic and uncivilized to the Western eye, which of course, as they were not understood, could not have been the case. Similarly the work of Munch and Chagall were both based on religious iconography that was exhibited in the same way as perhaps the Bushmen cave paintings of Southern Africa. The pictures were bland except for the raw emotion that obviously courses through the paintings into the viewer. Whether of not you like The Scream or not makes not difference when you look at it because it affects you regardless of whether you see it as a ‘master’ work or not. This was the point of Expressionism and indeed of all Modern Art, the inner connection and ability to feel emotion whether it was anguish, fear, love or lust. These are all very basic emotions and basic feelings. If one looks a step further at the Impressionists, the same volatility of nature was the expressive part of the movement itself. It was beyond the self-obsessed need for fickle and wanton things, it was about capturing something; a time; a place that could never be seen in that way again. If we consider the art of ancient Greece, which could also be termed ‘primitive’, the effects it has had on modern art has been immense. It has not stopped instilling awe and wonder on the modern world, by its sheer ingenuity. Also obsessed with basic emotions, it made them not very different at all to the Aztecs of the Mayan empires, other than that it has been more widely preserved. Apart from the philosophical arguments regarding modern arts fascination with the primitive, it also gives us a sense of preserving what we have been given in knowledge and heritage from whatever angle we approach it. The primitive has always been with us, right down to our involuntary fight-or-flight reaction that we can never ignore. The basis for survival was very different and the means of producing the works we call ‘primitive’ today, was not purely for decorative or entertainment value. It had a specific purpose and part to play. As the modern human has become more in love with its own intelligence and more obsessed with its produce, it has begun to forget why it was put on earth in the first place. Artists, it could be argued are generally of the introverted, self-analyzing type and it could be that what modern art wanted to do, was to free them of the burden of emptiness. No doubt, the primitive instinct we find necessary for basic survival would kick in at some stage, but it doesn’t seem to be inherent anymore. It can be concluded that the ostentatious lifestyles modern man had created over the years for himself had gradually dug him into a pit of artistic stagnation and the meaning of art itself changed completely. Picasso had stood up against the Nazi’s in 1933 at the Paris Universal Exhibition when he painted the anti-Franco/Hitler painting Geurnica (1933) and the sensitive artist suddenly became the political activist. This is why, in art, music, literature, philosophy and even in science, we will always come back to the same conclusion and to the same means: we think therefore we are.